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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
By : Aris Wibowo(a11000615)
Medical terminology is a vocabulary for accurately describing the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and process in a science-based manner. It is to be used in the medical and nursing fields. This systematic approach to word building and term comprehension is based on the concept of: (1) word roots, (2) prefixes, and (3) suffixes. The word root is a term derived from a source language such as Greek or Latin and usually describes a body part. The prefix can be added in front of the term to modify the word root by giving additional information about the location of an organ, the number of parts, or time involved. Suffixes are attached to the end of a word root to add meaning such as condition, disease process, or procedure.
In the process of creating medical terminology, certain rules of language apply. These rules are part of language mechanics called linguistics. So, when a term is developed, some logical process is applied. The word root is developed to include a vowel sound following the term to add a smoothing action to the sound of the word when applying a suffix. The result is the formation of a new term with a vowel attached (word root + vowel) called a combining form. In English, the most common vowel used in the formation of the combining form is the letter -o-, added to the word root.
Prefixes do not normally require further modification to be added to a word root because the prefix normally ends in a vowel or vowel sound, although in some cases they may assimilate slightly and an in- may change to im- or syn- to sym-.
Suffixes are categorized as either (1) needing the combining form, or (2) not needing the combining form since they start with a vowel.
Decoding the medical term is an important process, (See: Morphology). Once experience is gained in the process of forming and decoding medical terminology, the process begins to make sense and becomes easier. One approach involves breaking down the word by evaluating the meaning of the suffix first, then prefix, and finally the word root. This will generally produce a good result for the experienced health care professional. When in doubt, the result should be verified by a medical terminology dictionary. The process of learning a new language, such as medical terminology, is a challenging, yet attainable goal as the basic rules—once learned—make the process easier. (See Applied Linguistics)
For example
• Aarskog syndrome
• Aarskog-Scott syndrome
• Aase-Smith syndrome I
• Aase-Smith syndrome II
• Abate
• Abatement
• Abbreviations, prescription
• Abdomen
• Abdomen, acute
• Abdominal
• Abdominal aneurysm
• Abdominal aorta
• Abdominal aortic aneurysm
• Abdominal cavity
• Abdominal guarding
• Abdominal hysterectomy
• Abdominal muscle deficiency syndrome
• Abdominal muscles
• Abdominal pain
• Abducent nerve
• Abduction
• Abductor muscle
• Abductor spasmodic dysphonia
• Aberration
• ABG (arterial blood gas)
• Abiological
• Abiotic
• Abiotrophy
• Ablate
• Ablation
• Ablation, endometrial
• Abnormal
• ABO blood group
• Abortifacient
• Abortion
• Abortion, artificial
• Abortion, habitual
• Abortion, induced
• Abortion, multiple
• Abortion, recurrent
• Abortion, spontaneous
• Abortion, therapeutic
• Abortive
• Abortive polio
• ABR (auditory brainstem response)
• ABR test
• Abraham-man
• Abrasion
• Abrin
• Baker cyst
• Baker's yeast
• Balance
• Balance, acid-base
• Balance, sense of
• Balanitis
• Balanitis, circinate
• Balanoposthitis
• Balantidiasis
• Balantidium
• Baldness
• Baldness, patchy
• Ball-and-socket joint
• Balloon angioplasty
• Balloon tamponade
• Bambino
• Ban zhi lian
• Band, chromosome
• Band, Q
• Banding of chromosomes
• Bannayan syndrome
• Bar chart
• Bar graph
• Barbara McClintock
• Barbat skullcap
• Barber itch
• Bariatric
• Bariatric physician
• Bariatric surgery
• Bariatrician
• Bariatrics
• Barium
• Barium enema
• Barium enema x-ray
• Barium solution
• Barium swallow
• Barker, Horace Albert
• Barlow syndrome
• Baroparesis
• Barosinusitis
• Barotitis
• Barotrauma
• Barotrauma, otic
• Barotrauma, sinus
• Barr body
• Barrett esophagus
• Barrett's esophagus
• Bartholin's glands
• Bartonella quintana
• Bartter syndrome
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Cal
• Cal (Calorie)
• Calabresi, Paul
• Calamine
• Calcaneal spur
• Calcaneocuboid joint
• Calcaneus
• Calcific bursitis
• Calcification
• Calcification, nonarteriosclerotic cerebral
• Calcified granuloma
• Calcimimetic
• Calcinosis
• Calcipotriene
• Calcitonin
• Calcitriol
• Calcium
• Calcium channel blocker
• Calcium deficiency
• Calcium excess
• Calculi
• Calculi, renal
• Calculus
• Calculus, renal
• Calefacient
• Calf
• Calf bone
• Caliciviridae
• Calicivirus
• Calipers
• Calipers, skin
• CALLA
• Callosity
• Callus
• Calor
• Calor, dolor, rubor, and tumor
• Calorie
• Camelpox
• Camisole
• cAMP-dependent protein kinase
• Camphechlor
• Campion, Thomas
• Campylobacter jejuni
• Campylobacteriosis
• Canavan disease
• Cancer
• Diabetic xanthoma
• Diabulimia
• Diachronic
• Diachronic study
• Diagnosis
• Diagnosis, differential
• Diagnosis, retrospective
• Diagnostic mammogram
• Dialectical behavioral therapy
• Dialysis
• Dialysis machine
• Dialysis, peritoneal
• Diaper rash
• Diaper rash, yeast
• Diaphragm (contraceptive)
• Diaphragm (muscle)
• Diaphragm pacing
• Diaphragmatic hernia
• Diaphragmatic pacing
• Diarrhea
• Diarrhea and dermatitis, zinc deficiency
• Diarrhea, antibiotic-induced
• Diarrhea, Brainerd
• Diarrhea, E. coli hemorrhagic
• Diarrhea, rotavirus
• Diarrhea, traveler's
• Diastole
• Diastolic
• Diastrophic dysplasia
• Diathermy
• Diathesis
• Dibenzoxazepine
• Dicentric chromosome
• Dicysteine
• Did not attend (DNA)
• DIDMOAD
• Dieldrin
• Emboli
• Embolism
• Embolism, crossed
• Embolism, Fat
• Embolism, paradoxical
• Embolism, pulmonary
• Embolization
• Embolus
• Embryo
• Embryonal carcinoma
• Embryonic hemoglobin
• Emergency birth control
• Emergency code
• Emergency contraception
• Emergency department
• Emergency medical technician
• Emergency physician
• Emergency postcoital contraception
• Fecal
• Fecal incontinence
• Fecal occult blood test
• Fecalith
• Feces
• Fecund
• Fecundity
• Federal Emergency Management Agency
• Fee for service
• Feed contaminant
• Feedback
• Feeding tube
• Feeding, breast
• Feet
• Felty syndrome
• Felty's syndrome
• FEMA
• Female
• Female condom
• Female external genitalia
• Female genitalia
• Female gonad
• Female internal genitalia
• Female organs of reproduction
• Female orgasmic dysfunction
• Female pelvis
• Female urethral meatus
• Female urethral opening
• Femara
• Femicide
• Femoral
• Femoral artery
• Femoral head, avascular necrosis of the
• Femoral vein
• Femur
• Fenestration
• Fenfluramine
• Ferritin
• Ferrocalcinosis, cerebrovascular
• Ferroniere
• General Clinical Research Center
• General paresis
• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Generalized tonic-clonic seizure
• Generic
• Generic drug
• Generic name, drug
• Genes
• Genes, breast cancer susceptibility genesis
• Genetic
• Genetic anticipation
• Genetic code
• Genetic counseling
• Genetic counselor
• Genetic discrimination
• Genetic disease
• Genetic immunodeficiency disease
• Genetic imprinting
• Genetic infantile agranulocytosis
• Genetic meltdown
• Genetic screening
• Genetic testing
• Genetic transformation
• Genetic transport defect
• Genetic transposition
• Genetics
• Genetics of Parkinson disease
• Genetics, forensic
• Genetics, transplantation
• Genital
• Genital herpes
• Genital wart
• Genitalia
• Genitalia, ambiguous
• Genitalia, female
• Genitalia, female external
• Hypercapnia
• Hypercarbia
• Hyperchloremia
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Hypercoagulability, estrogen-associated
• Hypercoagulable state
• Hyperconscious
• Hyperekplexia
• Hyperemesis gravidarum
• Hyperexplexia
• Hyperextensible
• Hyperglycemia
• Hyperglycemic response
• Hypergraphia
• Hypergraphic
• Hyperhidrosis
• Hyperhidrosis, axillary
• Hyperhidrosis, palmoplantar
• Hyperhidrotic
• Hyperkalemia
• Hyperlexia
• Hyperlipidemia
• Hypermagnesemia
• Hypermnesia
• Hypermobility syndrome
• Hypernatremia
• Hyperopia
• Hyperosmolar
• Hyperosmolarity
• Hyperostosis
• Hyperoxaluria
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hyperphosphatemia
• Hyperpigmentation
• Hyperplasia
• Hyperplasia of the prostate, nodular
• Hyperplasia, benign prostatic
• Hyperplasia, endometrial
• Hypertension
• Immunogenetics
• Immunoglobulin
• Immunoglobulin A
• Immunoglobulin D
• Immunoglobulin E
• Immunoglobulin G
• Immunoglobulin M
• Immunologist
• Immunology
• Immunopig
• Immunosuppressant
• Immunosuppression
• Immunosuppressive
• Immunosuppressive agent
• Immunotherapy
• Immunotherapy, allergy
• Immunotoxin
• Impact
• Impaction, dental
• Impaired glucose tolerance
• Imperforate anus
• Impetigo
• Implant
• Implant, brainstem
• Implant, cochlear
• Implantable cardiac defibrillator
• Implantable pacemaker
• Implantation
• Implantation, seed
• Implicit memory
• Impotence
• Imprinting, genomic
• Imprinting, psychological
• Impulsivity
• Joint, knee
• Joint, patellofemoral
• Joint, shoulder
• Joint, temporomandibular
• Joint, TM
• Joints of the body, principal
• Jordi Casals-Ariet
• Joseph Warshaw
• Joshua Lederberg
• Journal of Clinical Investigation
• Journal of the American Medical Association
• Journal of the National Cancer Institute
• Journal, medical, first American
• Journals, medical
• Jugular
• Jugular vein
• Jugular vein, external
• Jugular vein, internal
• Julius Axelrod
• Jumper's knee
• Junctional epidermolysis bullosa
• Juncture
• June cold
• Junk DNA
• Jurisprudence, medical
• Juvenile
• Juvenile chronic arthritis, systemic-onset
• Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia
• Juvenile CML
• Juvenile diabetes
• Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
• Kiddie cam
• Kiddie-cam
• Kiddiecam
• Kidney
• Kidney cancer
• Kidney Dis, Nat'l Inst of Diabetes and Digestive
• Kidney disease screening
• Kidney infection in children
• Kidney scoping
• Kidney stone
• Kidney stones, cystine
• Kidney transplant
• Kikuchi disease
• Kilobase
• Kilocalorie
• Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease
• Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome
• Kinder-cam
• Kindercam
• Kindred
• Kinesin
• Kinetic
• Kinetics
• King's evil
• Kingella kingae
• Kinky hair syndrome
• Kinome
• Kinsey Report
• Kinship
• Kirklin
• Kirklin, John W.
• Kiss
• Kissing bug
• Kissing disease
• Kit, disaster supplies
• Kit, emergency supplies
• Klebsiella
• Kleine-Levin syndrome
• Klinefelter syndrome
• LAC encephalitis
• Laceration
• Lacrimal
• Lacrimal gland
• Lacrimation
• LaCrosse encephalitis
• Lactase
• Lactase deficiency
• Lactate dehydrogenase
• Lactation
• Lactic acidosis
• Lactobacillus
• Lactobacillus acidophilus
• Lactose
• Lactose intolerance
• Lacuna
• LAM
• Lamarckism
• LAMB syndrome
• Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
• Lamella
• Lamin A
• Lamin A/C
• Lamina
• Laminaria
• Laminectomy
• Laminopathy
• LaMontagne
• Lancet
• Lancet device
• Lancet, The
• Lancing device
• Landau-Kleffner syndrome
• Landry ascending paralysis
• Landry's ascending paralysis
• Landslide injury
• Langer-Saldino type achondrogenesis
• Langerhans, islets of
• Lansing virus
• Lanugo
• Laparoscope
• Minor salivary gland
• Minot-Von Willebrand disease
• Miosis
• miRNA
• Mirror, mouth
• Miscarriage
• Miscarriage, multiple
• Mismatch repair
• Missense mutation
• Mite
• Mite, dust
• Mite-borne typhus
• Miticide
• Mitochondria
• Mitochondrial
• Mitochondrial cytopathy, Kearns-Sayre type
• Mitochondrial disease
• Mitochondrial DNA
• Mitochondrial encephalopathy, MELAS
• Mitochondrial genome
• Mitochondrial inheritance
• Mitochondrial myopathy
• Mitochondrion
• Mitosis
• Mitotic
• Mitotic nondisjunction
• Mitral insufficiency
• Mitral prolapse
• Mitral regurgitation
• Mitral valve
• Mitral valve prolapse
• Mittelschmerz
• Mixed bipolar state
• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Mixed mania
• Nerves, cranial
• Nervine
• Nervous colon syndrome
• Nervous system, autonomic
• Nervous system, central (CNS)
• Nervous system, human
• Nervous system, parasympathetic
• Nervous system, peripheral (PNS)
• Nervous system, sympathetic
• Nervus ulnaris
• Neti pot
• Neural
• Neural foramen
• Neural tube defect
• Neuralgia
• Neuralgia, ciliary
• Neuralgia, facial
• Neuralgia, migrainous
• Neuralgia, postherpetic
• Neuralgia, sphenopalatine
• Neuralgia, vidian
• Neuraminidase inhibitor
• Neurectomy
• Neurinoma, acoustic
• Neuritis
• Neurobiological disorder
• Neuroblastoma
• Neurocysticercosis
• Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
• Neurodermatitis
• Neuroendocrine
• Neuroendocrine cancer of the skin
• Neuroendocrinology
• Neuroepithelial
• Osteoclasis
• Osteoclast
• Osteoclastoma
• Osteocyte
• Osteodystrophy
• Osteodystrophy, renal
• Osteogenesis
• Osteogenesis imperfecta
• Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita
• Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda
• Osteogenesis imperfecta type 1
• Osteogenesis imperfecta type 2
• Osteogenesis imperfecta with blue sclerae
• Osteogenesis, electrically stimulated
• Osteoid osteoma
• Osteology
• Osteolytic
• Osteolytic lesion
• Osteomalacia
• Osteomyelitis
• Osteonecrosis
• Osteopath
• Osteopathy
• Osteopenia
• Osteopetrosis
• Osteoporosis
• Osteosarcoma
• Osteosynthesis
• Osteotomy
• Osteotomy, block
• Osteotomy, cuneiform
• Osteotomy, displacement
• Ostomy
• Oswald Theodore Avery
• Pericardial sac
• Pericardial tamponade
• Pericarditis
• Pericardium
• Pericardium, parietal
• Pericardium, visceral
• Pericentric chromosome inversion
• Perichondrial
• Perichondritis
• Perichondrium
• Perichondroma
• Perilingual
• Perimenopause
• Perinatal
• Perinatal transmission
• Perinatologist
• Perinatology
• Perineal
• Perineal prostatectomy
• Perineum
• Period, gestation
• Period, incubation
• Periodic abstinence
• Periodic breathing
• Periodic fever
• Periodontal
• Periodontal disease
• Periodontics
• Periodontitis
• Perionychia
• Perionychium
• Perioperative
• Periosteal
• Periosteoma
• Periosteum
• Periostitis
• Periostoma
• Peripheral
• Peripheral artery disease
• Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
• Queasy
• Queensland tick typhus
• Quickening
• Quiescence
• Quiescent
• Quinacrine
• Quincke's disease
• Quinine
• Quinquagenarian
• Quinsy
• Quintan fever
• Quintox
• Quotidian
• Resistance, aspirin
• Resistance, insulin
• Resistance, pulmonary
• Resistance, vascular
• Resolution
• Resorb
• Resorption
• Respiration
• Respiratory
• Respiratory disease, acute
• Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
• Respiratory distress syndrome, acute
• Respiratory failure
• Respiratory insufficiency
• Respiratory papillomatosis, recurrent
• Respiratory rate
• Respiratory syncytial virus
• Respiratory system
• Respiratory therapist
• Respiratory therapy
• Response, Babinski
• Response, hyperglycemic
• Response, plantar
• Rest
• Restenosis
• Resting phase
• Restitution
• Restless leg syndrome
• Restless legs
• Restriction endonuclease
• Restriction enzyme
• Restriction fragment length polymorphism
• Restriction map
• Restriction site
• Resuscitate
• Resuscitation
• Resveratrol
• Sjogren syndrome
• Sjogren-Larsson syndrome
• SJS
• Skeletal
• Skeletal dysplasia
• Skeletal muscle
• Skeleton
• Skeleton, bones of the
• Skin
• Skin abscess
• Skin biopsy
• Skin calipers
• Skin color
• Skin Diseases, National Institute of...
• Skin erosion
• Skin graft
• Skin graft, allogeneic
• Skin graft, autogenic
• Skin graft, composite
• Skin graft, full-thickness
• Skin graft, mesh
• Skin graft, pedicle
• Skin graft, pinch
• Skin graft, porcine
• Skin graft, split-thickness
• Skin plaque
• Skin tag
• Skin test for allergy
• Skin test for immunity
• Skin, scalded, syndrome
• Skin, tattooing of the
• Skittles
• Skittling
• Skull
• Skull, hair-on-end
• Skullcap
• Skute barbata
• SKY (spectral karyotype)
• Slake
• Trabecula
• Trachea
• Trachelectomy
• Tracheoesophageal puncture
• Tracheostomy
• Tracheostomy button
• Tracheostomy tube
• Trachoma
• Traction
• Traction, orthopedic
• Traditional Chinese medicine
• Traditional midwife
• Traditional oriental medicine
• Training, cross
• Trait
• Trait, dominant lethal
• Trait, sickle cell
• Tranquilizer
• Trans fat
• Trans fatty acid
• Trans- (prefix)
• Transaminase biochemistry
• Transaminase clinical usage
• Transaminase nomenclature
• Transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic
• Transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic (SGPT)
• Transcranial
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation
• Transcription
• Transcription factor
• Transcriptome
• Transcriptomics
• Transdifferentiation
• Transducer
• Uricaciduria
• Uridine monophosphate
• Urinalysis
• Urinary
• Urinary calculus
• Urinary incontinence
• Urinary infection in children
• Urinary tract
• Urinary tract infection
• Urinary tract infection in children
• Urinary urgency
• Urination, burning
• Urination, difficulty
• Urination, painful
• Urine
• Urine blood
• Urine hemoglobin
• Urine infection in children
• Urine pH
• UROD
• UROD deficiency
• Urogastrone
• Urogenital
• Urography
• Urolithiasis
• Urological surgeon
• Urologist
• Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
• Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency
• Urothelium
• Urticaria
• Urticaria pigmentosa
• Vagina
• Vagina, septate
• Vaginal birth after Cesarian section
• Vaginal contraceptive sponge
• Vaginal discharge
• Vaginal fornix
• Vaginal hysterectomy
• Vaginal infection, bacterial
• Vaginal introitus
• Vaginal membrane
• Vaginal opening
• Vaginal spermicide
• Vaginal vestibule
• Vaginal yeast infection
• Vaginitis
• Vaginitis, atrophic
• Vaginitis, yeast
• Vaginoscopy
• Vaginosis, bacterial
• Vagus nerve
• Val
• Valdecoxib
• Valetudinarian
• Valga
• Valgum
• Valgus
• Valine
• Vallecula
• Valley fever
• Valsalva
• Valsalva maneuver
• Valsalva, Antonio Maria
• Value, Daily
• Valve, aortic
• Valve, bicuspid
• Valve, mitral
• Valve, pulmonary
• Wart
• Wart, genital
• Wart, venereal
• Warts, plantar
• Wasp sting
• Wasting
• Watchful waiting
• Water
• Water blister
• Water channel
• Water fluoridation
• Water hammer pulse
• Water intoxication
• Water on the brain
• Water pore
• Water requirements, infant
• Water retention
• Waterborne bacterial disease
• Watermelon
• Watermelon stomach
• Watson
• Watson, James
• Wax dip
• Wax, ear
• WBC
• WBS
• WDWN
• Weasand
• Weaver syndrome
• Weaver's bottom
• Weaver-Smith syndrome.
• Wegener's granulomatosis
• Weighing, hydrostatic
• Weighing, underwater
• Weight loss
• Weight Watchers
• Weil syndrome
• Weissenbacher-Zweymuller syndrome
• Wellcovorin
• Welt
• Werner syndrome
• Xanthelasma
• Xanthine
• Xanthinuria
• Xanthoma
• Xanthoma tendinosum
 
• Y (in chemistry)
• Y (in genetics)
• Y chromatin
• Y chromosome
• Y chromosome infertility
• Y chromosome sex-determining region
• Y map
• Y sex-determining region
• Y-linkage
• Y-linked
• Y-linked gene
• Y-linked inheritance
• Y. pestis
• YAC
• YAG laser surgery
• YAMA
• Yard
• Yawn
• Yawning
• Yaws
• yd.
• Yeast
• Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)
• Yeast diaper rash
• Yeast genome
• Yeast infection
• Yeast rash
• Yeast syndrome
• Yeast vaginitis
• Yeast vulvitis
• Yellow enzyme, Warburg's
• Yellow enzymes
• Yellow fever
• Yellow fever vaccination
• Yellow jack
• Yellow jacket sting
• Yerba mate
• Yersinia
• Yersinia enterocolitica
• Yersinia pestis
• Yersinia pestis genome
• Yersiniosis
• Yoga
• Yogurt
• Yolk sac
• Yolk stalk
• Youth
• Youth violence
• Yttrium
• Z chromosome
• Zaleplon
• ZAP-70
• Zebra
• Zeitgeber
• Zellweger syndrome
• Zenker diverticulum
• Zenker's diverticulum
• Zhitai
• Zhong Wei Chen
• Zhong-Wei Chen
• Zidovudine
• Zidovudine triphosphate
• ZIFT
• Zinc
• Zinc acetate
• Zinc deficiency
• Zinc deficiency dermatitis and diarrhea
• Zinc excess
• Zinc finger
• Zinc finger protein 9
• Zinc ointment
• Zinc oxide
• Zinc sulfate
• Zinc-finger protein
• Zinsser disease
• ZIP code, protein
• ZNF9
• Zoll
• Zoll, Paul M.
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
• Zolmitriptan
• Zolpidem
• Zomig
• Zona
• Zona pellucida
• Zone Diet
• Zoonosis
• Zoonotic
• Zoonotic disease
• Zoonotic transfer
• Zooparasite
• Zoophilia

 
MEDICAL ESTEOLOGY
Osteology: The Humerus
(Arm Bone)
The humerus (Figs. 207, 208) is the longest and largest bone of the upper extremity; it is divisible into a body and two extremities.
Upper Extremity.—The upper extremity consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles.
The Head (caput humeri).—The head, nearly hemispherical in form, 54 is directed upward, medialward, and a little backward, and articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. The circumference of its articular surface is slightly constricted and is termed the anatomical neck, in contradistinction to a constriction below the tubercles called the surgical neck which is frequently the seat of fracture. Fracture of the anatomical neck rarely occurs.
The Anatomical Neck (collum anatomicum) is obliquely directed, forming an obtuse angle with the body. It is best marked in the lower half of its circumference; in the upper half it is represented by a narrow groove separating the head from the tubercles. It affords attachment to the articular capsule of the shoulder-joint, and is perforated by numerous vascular foramina.
The Greater Tubercle (tuberculum majus; greater tuberosity).—The greater tubercle is situated lateral to the head and lesser tubercle. Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions: the highest of these gives insertion to the Supraspinatus; the middle to the Infraspinatus; the lowest one, and the body of the bone for about 2.5 cm. below it, to the Teres minor. The lateral surface of the greater tubercle is convex, rough, and continuous with the lateral surface of the body. 5
The Lesser Tubercle (tuberculum minus; lesser tuberosity).—The lesser tubercle, although smaller, is more prominent than the greater: it is situated in front, and is directed medialward and forward. Above and in front it presents an impression for the insertion of the tendon of the Subscapularis. 6
The tubercles are separated from each other by a deep groove, the intertubercular groove (bicipital groove), which lodges the long tendon of the Biceps brachii and transmits a branch of the anterior humeral circumflex artery to the shoulder-joint. It runs obliquely downward, and ends near the junction of the upper with the middle third of the bone. In the fresh state its upper part is covered with a thin layer of cartilage, lined by a prolongation of the synovial membrane of the shoulder-joint; its lower portion gives insertion to the tendon of the Latissimus dorsi. It is deep and narrow above, and becomes shallow and a little broader as it descends. Its lips are called, respectively, the crests of the greater and lesser tubercles (bicipital ridges), and form the upper parts of the anterior and medial borders of the body of the bone. 7
The Body or Shaft (corpus humeri).—The body is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces. 8
Borders.—The anterior border runs from the front of the greater tubercle above to the coronoid fossa below, separating the antero-medial from the antero-lateral surface. Its upper part is a prominent ridge, the crest of the greater tubercle; it serves for the insertion of the tendon of the Pectoralis major. About its center it forms the anterior boundary of the deltoid tuberosity; below, it is smooth and rounded, affording attachment to the Brachialis. 9
The lateral border runs from the back part of the greater tubercle to the lateral epicondyle, and separates the anterolateral from the posterior surface. Its upper half is rounded and indistinctly marked, serving for the attachment of the lower part of the insertion of the Teres minor, and below this giving origin to the lateral head of the Triceps brachii; its center is traversed by a broad but shallow oblique depression, the radial sulcus (musculospiral groove). Its lower part forms a prominent, rough margin, a little curved from behind forward, the lateral supracondylar ridge, which presents an anterior lip for the origin of the Brachioradialis above, and Extensor carpi radialis longus below, a posterior lip for the Triceps brachii, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the lateral intermuscular septum. 10
The medial border extends from the lesser tubercle to the medial epicondyle. Its upper third consists of a prominent ridge, the crest of the lesser tubercle, which gives insertion to the tendon of the Teres major. About its center is a slight impression for the insertion of the Coracobrachialis, and just below this is the entrance of the nutrient canal, directed downward; sometimes there is a second nutrient canal at the commencement of the radial sulcus. The inferior third of this border is raised into a slight ridge, the medial supracondylar ridge, which becomes very prominent below; it presents an anterior lip for the origins of the Brachialis and Pronator teres, a posterior lip for the medial head of the Triceps brachii, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the medial intermuscular septum. 11
Surfaces.—The antero-lateral surface is directed lateralward above, where it is smooth, rounded, and covered by the Deltoideus; forward and lateralward below, where it is slightly concave from above downward, and gives origin to part of the Brachialis. About the middle of this surface is a rough, triangular elevation, the deltoid tuberosity for the insertion of the Deltoideus; below this is the radial sulcus, directed obliquely from behind, forward, and downward, and transmitting the radial nerve and profunda artery. 12
The antero-medial surface, less extensive than the antero-lateral, is directed medialward above, forward and medialward below; its upper part is narrow, and forms the floor of the intertubercular groove which gives insertion to the tendon of the Latissimus dorsi; its middle part is slightly rough for the attachment of some of the fibers of the tendon of insertion of the Coracobrachialis; its lower part is smooth, concave from above downward, and gives origin to the Brachialis.
The posterior surface appears somewhat twisted, so that its upper part is directed a little medialward, its lower part backward and a little lateralward. Nearly the whole of this surface is covered by the lateral and medial heads of the Triceps brachii, the former arising above, the latter below the radial sulcus. 14
The Lower Extremity.—The lower extremity is flattened from before backward, and curved slightly forward; it ends below in a broad, articular surface, which is divided into two parts by a slight ridge. Projecting on either side are the lateral and medial epicondyles. The articular surface extends a little lower than the epicondyles, and is curved slightly forward; its medial extremity occupies a lower level than the lateral. The lateral portion of this surface consists of a smooth, rounded eminence, named the capitulum of the humerus; it articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone. On the medial side of this eminence is a shallow groove, in which is received the medial margin of the head of the radius. Above the front part of the capitulum is a slight depression, the radial fossa, which receives the anterior border of the head of the radius, when the forearm is flexed. The medial portion of the articular surface is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. The lateral border separates it from the groove which articulates with the margin of the head of the radius. The medial border is thicker, of greater length, and consequently more prominent, than the lateral. The grooved portion of the articular surface fits accurately within the semilunar notch of the ulna; it is broader and deeper on the posterior than on the anterior aspect of the bone, and is inclined obliquely downward and forward toward the medial side. Above the front part of the trochlea is a small depression, the coronoid fossa, which receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the forearm. Above the back part of the trochlea is a deep triangular depression, the olecranon fossa, in which the summit of the olecranon is received in extension of the forearm. These fossæ are separated from one another by a thin, transparent lamina of bone, which is sometimes perforated by a supratrochlear foramen; they are lined in the fresh state by the synovial membrane of the elbow-joint, and their margins afford attachment to the anterior and posterior ligaments of this articulation. The lateral epicondyle is a small, tuberculated eminence, curved a little forward, and giving attachment to the radial collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, and to a tendon common to the origin of the Supinator and some of the Extensor muscles. The medial epicondyle, larger and more prominent than the lateral, is directed a little backward; it gives attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, to the Pronator teres, and to a common tendon of origin of some of the Flexor muscles of the forearm; the ulnar nerve runs in a groove on the back of this epicondyle. The epicondyles are continuous above with the supracondylar ridges. 15
Structure.—The extremities consist of cancellous tissue, covered with a thin, compact layer (Fig. 209); the body is composed of a cylinder of compact tissue, thicker at the center than toward the extremities, and contains a large medullary canal which extends along its whole length. 16
Ossification (Figs. 210, 211).—The humerus is ossified from eight centers, one for each of the following parts: the body, the head, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the capitulum, the trochlea, and one for each epicondyle. The center for the body appears near the middle of the bone in the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends toward the extremities. At birth the humerus is ossified in nearly its whole length, only the extremities remaining cartilaginous. During the first year, sometimes before birth, ossification commences in the head of the bone, and during the third year the center for the greater tubercle, and during the fifth that for the lesser tubercle, make their appearance. By the sixth year the centers for the head and tubercles have joined, so as to form a single large epiphysis, which fuses with the body about the twentieth year. The lower end of the humerus is ossified as follows. At the end of the second year ossification begins in the capitulum, and extends medialward, to form the chief part of the articular end of the bone; the center for the medial part of the trochlea appears about the age of twelve. Ossification begins in the medial epicondyle about the fifth year, and in the lateral about the thirteenth or fourteenth year. About the sixteenth or seventeenth year, the lateral epicondyle and both portions of the articulating surface, having already joined, unite with the body, and at the eighteenth year the medial epicondyle becomes joined to it.
Note 54. Though the head is nearly hemispherical in form, its margin, as Humphry has shown, is by no means a true circle. Its greatest diameter is, from the top of the intertubercular groove in a direction downward, medialward, and backward. Hence it follows that the greatest elevation of the arm can be obtained by rolling the articular surface in this direction—that is to say, obliquely upward, lateralward, and forward.
Note 55. A small, hook-shaped process of bone, the supracondylar process, varying from 2 to 20 mm. in length, is not infrequently found projecting from the antero-medial surface of the body of the humerus 5 cm. above the medial epicondyle. It is curved downward and forward, and its pointed end is connected to the medial border, just above the medial epicondyle, by a fibrous band, which gives origin to a portion of the Pronator teres; through the arch completed by this fibrous band the median nerve and brachial artery pass, when these structures deviate from their usual course. Sometimes the nerve alone is transmitted through it, or the nerve may be accompanied by the ulnar artery, in cases of high division of the brachial. A well-marked groove is usually found behind the process, in which the nerve and artery are lodged. This arch is the homologue of the supracondyloid foramen found in many animals, and probably serves in them to protect the nerve and artery from compression during the contraction of the muscles in this region.

CARA HIDUP SEHAT ALA ISLAM

                                            CARA HIDUP SEHAT ALA ISLAM

Islam merupakan agama yang mengatur seluruh aspek kehidupan manusia, untuk mengatur kemakmuran di bumi guna menuju kebahagiaan dunia dan akhirat. Salah satu penunjang kebahagian tersebut adalah dengan memiliki tubuh yang sehat, sehingga dengannya kita dapat beribadah dengan lebih baik kepada Allah. Agama Islam sangat mengutamakan kesehatan (lahir dan batin) dan menempatkannya sebagai kenikmatan kedua setelah Iman. Sebagaimana sabda Nabi Muhammad SAW. :“Mohonllah kepada Allah pngampunan, kesehatan dan keyakinan di dunia dan akhirat. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak memberikan kepada seseorang setelah keyakinan (Iman) yang lebih baik daripada kesehatan.” (HR. Ahmad, Tirmidzi, dan Ibnu Majah dari Abu Bakar, sahih sanadnya dari Ibnu Abbas)
Sebagaimana seseorang yang ingin pandai tentu saja harus belajar dan berusaha mengenal prinsip prinsip hidup sehat setelah itu melaksanakannya dan inilah beberapa petunjuk Agama yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan:

MAKANAN
1. Makan jangan Berlebihan
Dalam Al-Qur’an Surat Al-A’raf: 31 Allah SWT. Berfirman: yang artinya ...”Makan danminumlah, dan jangan berlebih-lebihan. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak menyukai orang yang berlebih-lebihan.” (QS. 7:31).
Dan dalam surat Thaha ayat 81, Allah SWT. berfirman yang artinya : “Makanlah di antara rizqi yang baik yang telah kami berikan kepadamu, dan janganlah melampaui batas padanya, yang menyebabkan kemurkaan-Ku, maka sesungguhnya binasalah ia.” (QS. 20:81), Dalam ilmu kesehatan, makan dan minum merupakan kebutuhan dalam pemenuhan nutrisi sebagai penunjang hidup, yang jumlah dan macamnya harus sesuai dengan keperluan tubuh, tidak boleh kekurangan dan tidak boleh berlebihan. Yang bila kekurangan atau berlebihan akan menggangu kesehatan tubuh.
Sehubungan dengan ini Nabi SAW. telah bersabda : “Tidaklah seseorang manusia memenuhi satu wadah yang lebih buruk daripada perutnya, Cukuplah bagi anakmanusia beberapa makanan yang dapat menegakkan tulang rusuknya, jika memang harus makan banyak maka sepertiga untuk makanannya, sepertiga untuk minumannya, dan sepertiga untuk nafasnya.” (HR. Tirmidzi: 2302, nasai dari Inbu Majah)


2. Makan Makanan yang Sehat
Allah SWT. Berfirman yang artinya: ” Dan makanlah makanan yang halal lagi baik dari apa yang Allah telah rizqikan kepadamu, dan bertaqwalah kepada Allah yang kamu beriman kepada-Nya”. (QS. 5:88) dengan memenuhi makan yangmemenuhi unsur gizi ini lagi baik (thayyib) diharapkan tubuh berada dalam keadaan yang optimal sehingga daya tahan tubuh akan bekerja secara maksimal dalam menolak segala macam penyakit.


3. Di Samping itu pula NAbi SAW. menganjurkan agar mendinginkan makanan atau minuman sebelum dimakan atau diminum
Dengan sabdanya : “Dinginkan makanan dan minuman kamu sesungguhnya tidak ada kebaikan pada makanan/minuman yang panas.” (HR. Al-hakim dan Ad-Dailami). Mendinginkannya tidak dengan ditiup dengan nafas karena ini juga dilarang oleh NAbi SAW. (HR Ibnu Majah)
Dalam bidang Gastroenterologi diketahui bahwa makanan yang panas dapat menyebabkan permukaan pada selaput lendir saluran cerna yang menyebabkan rasa sakit, perih, rasa panas, kembung, rasa penuh, mual, rasa seperti diiris Dll.


4. Tidak minum Alkohol dan apa saja yang merusak tubuh
Allah SWT. Berfirman: “Mereka bertanya tentang khamar dan judi, katakanlah, pada keduanya ad bahaya yang besar dan pula manfaatnya pada manusia, dan bahyanya lebih besar darimanfaatnya.” (QS. Al-Baqarah: 219). ada ayat lain dikatakan juga oleh Allah SWT. : “Hai orang-orang yang beriman sesungguhnya (meminum) khamar, berjudi, (berkorban untuk) berhala, mengundi nasib dengan panah, adalah perbuatan keji termasuk perbuatan Syaitan. Maka jauhilah perbuatan-perbuatan itu agar kamu mendapat keberuntungan.” (QS. 5:10)

KEBERSIHAN
Nabi SAW. bersabda: “Bersihkan halaman-halaman karena Yahudi tidak memebersihkan halaman-halaman mereka.” (HR. Thabrani, lihat silsilah Shahihah: 1/418, no. 263)
Nabi SAW. Bersabda: “Sesungguhnya Allah Indah, menyukai keindahan, bersih, menyukai kebersihan, Mulia, menyukai kemuliaan dan Dermawan menyukai kedermawanan, maka bersihkanlah halaman-halaman mud an janganlah meniru orang-orang yahudi.” (hr. Tirmidzi : 2723, dhaif) Dalam Al-Qur’an Allah SWT. Berfirman yang artinya: “Dan diturunkan padamu air dari langit (hujan) untuk alat pembersih dirimu. (QS. Al-anfal:11)

Diriwayatkan dari para sahabat, bahwa mereka tidak pernah melihat noda atau kotoran pada baju Nabi SAW. Walaupun beliau menyukai pakaian atau baju berwarna putih. Juga mereka tidak pernah mencium bau tidak sedap dari diri Nabi SAW. Beliau tidak senang melihat salah seoarang sahabat yang rambutnya tidak terurus rapi apabila menghadap beliau, dan memerintahkan untuk mencuci dan menyisir rambut terlebih dahulu apabila ingin menghadap beliau.
Demikian juga NAbi SAW. Memerintahkan para sahabat/umatnya untuk bersiwak/memberihkan gigi tiap akan shalat, dan memotong kuku tiap Jum’at dan mencukur rambut ketiak dan rambut aurat minimal sekali dalam setiap 40 (empat puluh) hari. Ini mencerminkan betapa besar perhatian beliau terhadap masalah kebersihan perseorangan. Selanjutnya NAbi SAW. Menganjurkan para sahabatnya agar memberi tutup pada tempat makan dan minumnya. (HR. Ahmad)
Untuk lebih jelasnya silakan merujuk kitab Subul al-Huda wa al-Rasyad Fi Sirah Khairil Ibad, karya Imam Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Shalihi al-Syami (w. 942.H), tahqiq wa ta’liq Syaikh Adil Ahmad Ahmad Abdul Maujud dan Syaikh Ali Muhammad Mu’awwidh, di sana ada bab-bab mengenai perjalanan Rasulullah mengenai kesehatan dan kedokteran.

<small><small>OLAH RAGA</small></small>

Olah raga berguna untuk kesehatan. Oleh karenanya, dengan berolah raga yang teratur, terukur dan bersifat aerobic akan memberikan banyak manfarat. Antara lain mencegah kegemukan dengan segala dampak negatifnya, menguatkan dan lebih mengefisienkan kinerja otot-otot tubuh, seperti otot jantung, otot pernafasan dan otot-otot rangka tubuh, dan lebih melancarka aliran darah ke dalam sel-sel tubuh, dan pembuangan bahan-bahan sisa dari sel-sel tubuh menjadi lebih baik.

Nabi SAW. Suka berolah raga. Diriwayatkan oleh Siti Aisyah, bahwa beliau suka mengajak Siti Aisyah berlomba lari sejak Siti Aisyah masih belia sampai tua. Diriwayatkan pula bahwa Nabi SAW. Suka berjalan kaki walaupun kuda dan unta tersedia untuk beliau. Diriwayatkan pula, bahwa cara nabi berjalan, yaitu seperti jalannya orang yang menuruni bukit, yaitu berjalan cepat. Demikian pula Nabi SAW. Pernah mewajibkan para orang tua untuk mengajarkan renang dan memanah kepada putra putrinya (HR. Al-hakim). Lari cepat dan renang merupakan jenis olah raga aerobic yang dianjurakan saat ini oleh para pakar kesehatan olah raga untuk menjaga kebugaran.
Oleh para ahli, alkohol dapat menimbulkan kerusakan pada seluruh bagian tubuh manusia, seperti system syaraf, pembuluh darah, jantung, hati dan saluran cerna dan lain-lain.